Coursework 2

Transportation is that which provides for the carriage of person or thing from one pace to another. In its broadest sense, this encompasses all such transfer, whether within plants, factories or even building as well as between plant or place. Literally all productive activity entails the movement of person or things from one location to another. Transport, however, may be an independent affair consisting merely of carriage from one place to another. US subcommittee on the armed services of the house of representative write down
“Transportation is one of the tools required by civilized man to bring order out of chaos. It reaches into every phase and facet of our existence. Viewed from every standpoint, economic, political and military, it is unquestionably the most important industry in the world. The more complex life become, the more indispensable are things that makeup our transportation system.”

Any kind of transport system will inevitably consume energy and lead to running down of environment. The communication industry however remains one of the biggest contributors to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions

Now a days global warming is a big issue for everyone. One of the main causes of that is carbon dioxide. Every day population in the world create the green house gases. Among that 72 percent of total gas is carbon dioxide.

Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). The footprint can however be defined in two major energy uses:
a. Operational energy, and
b. Transport energy.

Operational energy: Operational energy is the energy required and consumed during the facility’s service life. This will normally include lighting, equipment operation etc.

Transport energy: Finally, transport energy defines the energy consumed on transportation by the visitors, or for delivery of goods and services or travelling for business or study purpose. This aspect will therefore depend on the location of the facility relative to its users, the nature of the activities carried out at the facility, and the transport modes used by its users.

The report from the U.S. National Academy of Science says that among that carbon dioxide 63.5 percent annual green house gas emission by transport, power station and industrial process. That’s why we need to find out such a transport system which is reducing carbon footprint and contribute a vital role in our environment.



To reduce our carbon footprint we try to invent new technology and idea. On that way using the computer in our transport system is one of the achievements to reduce environmental impact.

A train is connected series of vehicle that move along a track to transport freight or passenger form one place to another. Train is one of the popular transports from its start. Modern train system first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of steam locomotive, were the first practical forms of mechanized and transport. It is always famous for its speed, capacity and reliability. Because rails are smoother than road, a greater quantity and tonnage of bulk goods can carry from one place to another.

From early 19th century to the mid 20th century steam locomotive was the dominant form of locomotive power. But it has impact to our environments. Because in early stage it move by the steam by burning coil which is harmful for our environment as well and also its relatively slow. Now it is change by the electricity supplied by overhead wire or additional rail. Which is control by the computer; this kind train has greater advantage. These kinds of train are more energy efficient then other locomotive. It uses it when it running Because of computer train is more reliable and faster then conventional train. Based on that technique scientist develops more reliable and environment friendly train. An example high speed rail which is well known as HPR. This kind of train operates by the computer. This system is often viewed as an isolated system and simply as advantage and disadvantage as compare to the other transport system. This system more environmental friendly than air or road travel. This is due to displace from more environmental damage modes of transport, lower energy consumption per passenger and reduce the land usage compare to the motorway. Computer base high speed train are more energy efficient than aircraft on a same load factor basis. As train consume less energy per kilometres. This may result in less carbon dioxide emission. From the point of view of required traffic control system and infrastructure, high computer control high speed train added advantage of being much simpler to control due to its predictable course, even at high passenger load. However these kinds of system eliminate the possibility of traffic collision with automobiles while other system does not. However this system is very easy and quick driving; need comparably less people to operate it.

The main advantage it not runs by diesel or fossil fuel. If in emergency, it need fuel but it consume very little then conventional locomotive. That why lot of country in the world like Austria, Belgium, China, Finland, France, Germany, USA etc use this system.

Not only has that computer played a vital role to maintain the network system. To give the signal, show the direction of route, emergency stop every thing maintains by the computer. for an example euro star transport system control by the computer and onboard system as well.

Computer has its own benefit to help the environment. Now a day recyclable and also energy efficient material use in computer. It is use highly recyclable material in product which helps safely dispose of used equipment. The main contribution of the computer design is energy efficiency. Green house gas emission comes from its consumptions of energy over the time. That means less consumes power but much more service. It is restricted environmentally harmful component. Such as polyvinyl chloride, brominated flame retardants, arsenic free display glass.

Though it has a list of advantage but it has disadvantage too. It is not easier to maintain. Because of high technology implement in the train to control it and is costly as well. If the power failure in any part of the train then it is not possible to run the train unless it is been fixed. It is not easy to replace, system is time consuming and length process. Which cause the additional cost?

The economic and social goals of the people have always influenced and have been influenced by transportation development and policies. Our social and economic change especially urbanization and the creation of the megalopolis have altered our whole concept of both intracity and intercity transportation.
In the international sphere, nation can and do use transport lines as instruction of defence and offence, or as means of political influence. Emory troxel point out the historic importance of merchant ship and rail lines as means of penetration into new areas of hoped for influence.


Although it has some deficiency but it can help our future generation a lot by reducing
CO2. In overall discussion we understand that, computer use in our transport system which creates less carbon dioxide.


There is a growing concern about CO2 emissions and their impact on the global environment. The transport industry is a major contributor to carbon emissions and therefore has a big role to play in the management of carbon emissions. The computer in our train proposed is a tool to consider in transport or communication system based on CO2 emissions. The system suggests a carbon assessment technique based on the major research, material and equipment. To compare the all other transport system, computer in train has great advantage of environmental, financial and political as well.









Reference:

Book
1. Beyond the economic growth: an introduction to sustainable development. By Harms, A.
2. Modern transportation economics by Hugh S Norton
3. Working with numbers and statistic: a hand book of journalist by Mahwah
4. Data from U.S. National Academy of science and research.
5. Data from U.N. development program.
6. transportations economics and public policy by Dudley
7. transportation economics and public policy by D F pegrum
8. Cost benefit analysis and public transport by H. Georgi
9. Transport technology for developing region by R M Soberman






Use of computer to reduce the environmental impact of transportation


We are living in twenty first century. In this digital age communication is a most important part for every one. Because world change very rapidly. From business to economy, administration to home, study to research, every where we want to know new thing.

Any kind of transport system will inevitably consume energy and lead to running down of environment. The communication industry however remains one of the biggest contributors to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions

Now a days global warming is a big issue for everyone. One of the main causes of that is carbon dioxide. Every day population in the world create the green house gases. Among that 72 percent of total gas is carbon dioxide.
Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). The footprint can however be defined in two major energy uses:
Operational energy, and
Transport energy.

Operational energy: Operational energy is the energy required and consumed during the facility’s service life. This will normally include lighting, equipment operation etc.

Transport energy: Finally, transport energy defines the energy consumed on transportation by the visitors, or for delivery of goods and services or travelling for business or study purpose. This aspect will therefore depend on the location of the facility relative to its users, the nature of the activities carried out at the facility, and the transport modes used by its users.

The report from the U.S. National Academy of Science says that among that carbon dioxide 63.5 percent annual green house gas emission by transport, power station and industrial process. That’s why we need to find out such a transport system which is reducing carbon footprint and contribute a vital role in our environment.

Types: In this globalization, there are different kinds of transport system present in the worlds that are:
Electronic communication system like
Computer communication.
Telecommunication.
transport system such as
Land.
Air. Etc
But among these entire, computer communications effect less in our environments and perfect for communicate one side to another in the world.





Computer communication or network:
A computer communication or network is a group of interconnected computer. It may be classified according to a variety of type.

Network classification:
The following list used for classifying network:
Scale
Network architecture
Network topology.

Scale: based on their scale such as Local area network (LAN), Wide area network (WAN), Personal area network (PAN), Virtual area network (VAN) etc.

Connection method: Classified according to the hardware and software technology such as Optical fibre, Ethernet, Wireless, Power line communication etc.


Network architect: Computer network classified according to the functional relationship among the element of network e.g. active network client server etc.


Network topology: it is also classified based on it such as bus, ring, mesh, star-bus, tree topology network.


(types of network)
The following list is the common type of computer network in order of scale
a. Personal Area Network(PAN)
b. Local Area Network(LAN)
c. Campus Area Network(CAN)
d. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
e. Wide Area Network(WAN)
f. Global Area Network(GAN)
g. Virtual Area Network(VPAN)

Among that entire network I like Global Area network. Because it cover whole world and we can create all other network inside it.

Global Area Network:
Global Area Network is a network that has an unlimited geographic distance several, Wide Area Network can connect. It used satellite, optical fibre etc for transmission. The key challenge of that communication is handing off the user from one local coverage to the next. Such as IEEE project 802, this involves a succession of terrestrial wireless local area network. Such an interface will allow the creation of low-cost, always on and truly mobile network.

Benefit
The popularity of that system is convenience, cost efficiency, environmental impact etc.

1. Convenience: Such a network allows user to access network from nearly any location to their primary network environment.

2. Productivity: this kind of network has wide range of productivity. For a business the employee can move from one place to another and they can use it any location.

3. Mobility: in emergency user can use this system even outside their normal working environment. Such as coffee shop, home even on the car.

4. Deployment: the initial setup of this network cost little more that single access-point. On the other hand wire network have additional cost and the complexity of physical cable.

5. Expandability: it is increasing day by day. Every day more people join that network for its excellent advantage.

6. Environmental impact: The most advantage of that system is environmental friendly
6.1. Computer: Now a days new design of computer reduce the environmental impact by
a. Product design: reducing it now a day’s designer create a computer in different way. They try to use the recyclable material and also see how much energy it consumes during the production and use.
b. Materials: in present manufacturer use such a material which is safe guard the environment as well as safety of consumer. They restricted environmentally harmful component. Such as polyvinyl chloride, brominated flame retardants, arsenic free display glass etc.
c. Energy efficiency: the main contribution of the computer design is energy efficiency. Green house gas emission comes from its consumptions of energy over the time. That’s why the manufacture makes such a device which takes less energy but give us maximum output.
d. Recycling: another contribution of computer is to use highly recyclable material in product which helps the consumer and business to safely dispose of used equipment.

Transmission: we know that transmission of that system using by satellite, wireless system (radio frequency) etc. basically satellite use solar power for their transmission which is totally carbon free.

Transport: the maximum harmful carbon dioxide gas created by fossil oil which is an essential to our transport. We travel different place because of earn knowledge or business purpose. By using this network system we can control, create or maintain business any where in the world as well as earn knowledge by staying one place which is reduce unnecessary moving as well as cost.

Energy: The GAN system is energy efficient. It use less than other transport system. Less energy means less carbon. In that way it help our environment a lots.

Cost: this system is cost efficient. We can save money from physical wire related, labour and maintain cost. Because of this system consume limited energy that’s why we can save money in that way as well.

Not only that but also it has great advantage in social and politically as well. Wireless technology may be the next big thing for election campaigning even voting. This technology has been increasingly using d internationally, to great political and strategic affect among political groups.



Disadvantage: this system is not free from deficiency. It has some disadvantage as well. These are:
1. Security: Wireless transceivers are designed to serve computers through out a structure with uninterrupted service using radio frequencies. The antenna basically present on wireless network card in the end of computer are generally relatively poor because of space and cost. For that it is increase the chance of crack the network.

2. Reliability: like any radio frequency transmission, this network signal is subject to wide variety of interface and complex propagation effect. Sometime it is difficult to network administrator to control it. Some time modulation achieved by follow the rule of phase-shift keying or quadrature amplitude modulation which is make the network system more disturbing.


3. Speed: the speed on most wireless network is reasonably slow compared to the slowest wired network.

4. Cost: some of the wireless system equipment is costly then other network but good thing is that we need to spend it ones.

Although it has some deficiency but it can help our future generation a lot by reducing
CO2. In overall discussion we understand that, this is one of the transport systems which create less carbon dioxide.

Conclusion:
There is a growing concern about CO2 emissions and their impact on the global environment. The transport industry is a major contributor to carbon emissions and therefore has a big role to play in the management of carbon emissions. The global network system proposed is a tool to consider in transport or communication system based on CO2 emissions. The GAN suggests a carbon assessment technique based on the major research, material and equipment. To compare the all other network /transportation system, Global Area Network has great advantage of environmental, financial and political as well.





Reference:

Book
1. Beyond the economic growth: an introduction to sustainable development. By Harms, A.
2. Introduction to data communication by Eugene Blanchard
3. Data communication principles for fix and wireless networks by Ahmad,Aftab
4. Working with numbers and statistic: a hand book of journalist by Mahwah
5. Data from U.S. National Academy of science and research.
6. Data from U.N. development program.
7. transportations economics and public policy by dudley